The **[[Dunning-Kruger Effect]]** is a [[Cognitive Bias]] in which individuals without knowledge or competence in a particular domain, tend to overestimate their knowledge or competence; while those with higher knowledge or competence, tend to underestimate their knowledge or competence. ^about Another way to frame the singular result is: individuals' self-rating of their own knowledge or competence tends towards 'above average' for all people, irrespective of whether they are, in fact below average, or much higher than average.